Ulayini Wokukhiqiza Umanyolo Oncibilikayo Wamanzi

Ukwethulwa kwenqubo yokuvutshelwa:
I-Biogas fermentation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-anaerobic digestion kanye ne-anaerobic fermentation, ibhekisela ezintweni eziphilayo (njengomquba womuntu, imfuyo kanye nezinkukhu, utshani, ukhula, njll.) ngaphansi komswakama othile, izinga lokushisa kanye nezimo ze-anaerobic, ngokusebenzisa i-catabolism yamagciwane ahlukahlukene, kanye ekugcineni Inqubo yokwenza ingxube evuthayo yamagesi afana ne-methane ne-carbon dioxide.I-biogas fermentation system isekelwe kumgomo wokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ngenhloso yokukhiqiza amandla, futhi ekugcineni ibona ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-biogas, i-biogas slurry kanye nezinsalela ze-biogas.

Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Biogas kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-biochemical enezici ezilandelayo:
(1) Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-microorganisms ahilelekile ekuphenduleni kokuvutshelwa, futhi asikho isibonelo sokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa ukukhiqiza i-biogas, futhi i-inoculum iyadingeka ukuze kubiliswe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokuhlolwa.
(2) Izinto ezingasetshenzisiwe ezisetshenziselwa ukuvutshelwa ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zivela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene.Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-organic matter noma izingxube zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokuvutshelwa, kanti umkhiqizo wokugcina yi-biogas.Ukwengeza, ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas kungaphatha amanzi angcolile aphilayo nge-COD mass concentration edlula 50,000 mg/L kanye nemfucuza yemvelo enokuqukethwe okuqinile okuphezulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwe-biogas microorganisms kuphansi.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, amandla adingekayo ekugayweni kwe-anaerobic kuphela ahlanganisa u-1/30~1/20 wokubola kwe-aerobic.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemishini yokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ehlukile ngesakhiwo kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa zonke izinhlobo zamadivayisi zingakhiqiza i-biogas inqobo nje uma umklamo unengqondo.
Ukuvutshelwa kwe-Biogas kubhekisela enqubweni lapho imfucumfucu eqinile ehlukahlukene ivutshelwa yi-biogas microorganisms ukukhiqiza i-biogas.Ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:
Isiteji sokuncibilika
Njengoba izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene eziqinile ngokuvamile azikwazi ukungena kumagciwane futhi zisetshenziswe ama-microorganisms, i-organic matter eqinile kufanele ifakwe emanzini ibe yi-Soluble monosaccharides, ama-amino acid, i-glycerol, nama-fatty acid anesisindo samangqamuzana amancane.Lezi zinto ezincibilikayo ezinesisindo samangqamuzana esincane uma kuqhathaniswa zingangena kumangqamuzana amancane futhi ziphinde zibole futhi zisetshenziswe.
Isiteji se-Acidogenic
Izinto ezihlukahlukene ezincibilikayo (ama-monosaccharides, ama-amino acid, ama-fatty acids) ziyaqhubeka nokubola futhi ziguquke zibe yizinto eziphansi zamangqamuzana ngaphansi kwesenzo samagciwane e-cellulosic, amaprotheni amagciwane, i-lipobacteria, nama-enzyme e-pectin amagciwane e-intracellular, njenge-butyric acid, i-propionic acid, i-acetic acid, kanye nama-alcohols, ama-ketones, ama-aldehydes nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezilula;ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izinto ezingaphili ezifana ne-hydrogen, i-carbon dioxide ne-ammonia ziyakhululwa.Kodwa kulesi sigaba, umkhiqizo oyinhloko i-acetic acid, ibalwa ngaphezu kuka-70%, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi isiteji sokukhiqiza i-asidi.Amagciwane abamba iqhaza kulesi sigaba abizwa ngokuthi ama-acidogen.
Isiteji se-Methanogenic
Amagciwane e-Methanogenic abola izinto eziphilayo ezilula njenge-acetic acid ebole esigabeni sesibili ibe yi-methane ne-carbon dioxide, bese i-carbon dioxide yehliselwa ku-methane ngaphansi kwesenzo se-hydrogen.Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngesiteji sokukhiqiza igesi, noma isigaba se-metanogenic.
Amagciwane e-Methanogenic adinga ukuhlala endaweni enamandla okunciphisa i-oxidation angaphansi kuka-330mV, futhi ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas kudinga indawo eqinile ye-anaerobic.
Ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi kusukela ekuboleni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuya esizukulwaneni sokugcina se-biogas, kunamaqembu amahlanu amakhulu e-physiological amagciwane ahilelekile, okungamagciwane avuthayo, amagciwane akhiqiza i-hydrogen-acetogenic, amagciwane acetogenic asebenzisa i-hydrogen, adla i-hydrogen. ama-methanogens namagciwane akhiqiza i-acetic acid.Ama-Methanogens.Amaqembu amahlanu amagciwane akha uchungechunge lokudla.Ngokomehluko wama-metabolites awo, amaqembu amathathu okuqala amagciwane aqeda inqubo ye-hydrolysis kanye ne-acidification ndawonye, ​​futhi amaqembu amabili okugcina ama-bacterium aqedela inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwe-methane.
amagciwane avuthayo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, njengomquba wemfuyo, utshani bezitshalo, imfucuza yokudla notshwala, njll. njll.), isigaba se-lipids namaprotheni.Iningi lalezi zinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi azincibiliki emanzini futhi kufanele ziqale ziboliswe zibe ushukela oncibilikayo, ama-amino acid nama-fatty acids ngama-enzyme angaphandle kwamangqamuzana akhiqizwa amagciwane avuzayo ngaphambi kokuba amuncwa futhi asetshenziswe amagciwane.Ngemva kokuba amagciwane avuthelayo amunca izinto ezincibilikayo ezishiwo ngenhla emangqamuzaneni, aguqulwa abe i-acetic acid, i-propionic acid, i-butyric acid kanye notshwala ngokuvutshelwa, futhi inani elithile le-hydrogen ne-carbon dioxide liyakhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.Isamba senani le-acetic acid, i-propionic acid ne-butyric acid emhluzini wokuvutshelwa ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas ibizwa ngokuthi i- total volatile acid (TVA).Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuvutshelwa okuvamile, i-acetic acid iyi-asidi eyinhloko ku-asidi ephelele esetshenzisiwe.Lapho izinto zamaprotheni zibola, ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo, kuzoba ne-ammonia hydrogen sulfide.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya avuthelayo abandakanyeka enqubweni yokuvutshelwa kwe-hydrolytic, futhi kunamakhulu ezinhlobo ezaziwayo, okuhlanganisa i-Clostridium, i-Bacteroides, i-Butyric acid bacteria, i-Lactic acid bacteria, i-Bifidobacteria kanye ne-Spiral bacteria.Iningi lala magciwane angama-anaerobes, kodwa futhi nama-anaerobes asebenzayo.[1]
Ama-Methanogens
Ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwe-biogas, ukwakheka kwe-methane kubangelwa iqembu lamagciwane akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-methanogen.Ama-methanogens ahlanganisa i-hydromethanotrophs kanye ne-acetomethanotrophs, okungamalungu eqembu okugcina ochungechungeni lokudla ngesikhathi sokugaya kwe-anaerobic.Nakuba zinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, isimo sazo echungechungeni lokudla sizenza zibe nezici ezivamile zokwakheka komzimba.Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, baguqula imikhiqizo yokugcina yamaqembu amathathu okuqala e-bacterial metabolism ibe yimikhiqizo yegesi i-methane ne-carbon dioxide lapho ingekho izamukeli zangaphandle ze-hydrogen, ukuze ukubola kwe-organic matter ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic kuqedwe ngempumelelo.

Ukukhetha inqubo yesixazululo sezakhi zezitshalo:
Ukukhiqizwa kwesisombululo sezakhi zezitshalo kuhloswe ukusebenzisa izingxenye ezizuzisayo ku-slurry ye-biogas futhi wengeze izakhi zamaminerali ezanele ukwenza umkhiqizo ophelile ube nezici ezingcono.
Njengodaba lwemvelo lwe-macromolecular, i-humic acid inomsebenzi omuhle wokuphila kanye nemisebenzi yokumunca, ukuhlangana nokushintshana.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-humic acid kanye ne-biogas slurry ekwelapheni kwe-chelation kungakhuphula ukuzinza kwe-biogas slurry, ukwengeza i-trace element chelation kungenza izitshalo zimunce kangcono izakhi zokulandelela.

Isingeniso senqubo ye-Humic acid chelation:
I-Chelation ibhekisela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali lapho ama-ion ensimbi axhunyaniswa khona nama-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu okuxhumanisa (okungewona awensimbi) ku-molecule efanayo ngamabhondi okuxhumana ukuze akhe isakhiwo se-heterocyclic (chelate ring) esiqukethe ama-ion ensimbi.uhlobo lomphumela.Kufana nomphumela we-chelation wezizipho ze-crab, yingakho igama.Ukwakheka kwendandatho ye-chelate kwenza i-chelate izinze kakhulu kune-non-chelate complex enokwakheka okufanayo kanye nesakhiwo.Lo mphumela wokuzinza okwandayo okubangelwa i-chelation ubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-chelation.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho iqembu elisebenzayo le-molecule eyodwa noma ama-molecule amabili kanye ne-ion yensimbi yakhe isakhiwo esiyindandatho ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumanisa kubizwa ngokuthi i-chelation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-chelation noma i-cyclization.Phakathi kwe-iron ye-inorganic emuncwa umzimba womuntu, yi-2-10% kuphela emuncwa.Lapho amaminerali eguqulwa abe amafomu agayekayo, ama-amino acid ngokuvamile ayengezwa ukuze kube inhlanganisela “ye-chelate”.Okokuqala nje, i-Chelation isho ukucubungula izinto zamaminerali zibe amafomu agayekayo.Imikhiqizo evamile yamaminerali, njengesidlo samathambo, i-dolomite, njll, cishe ayikaze "i-chelated".Ngakho-ke, ekugayweni kokudla, kufanele kuqala kuphathwe "chelation".Kodwa-ke, inqubo yemvelo yokwenza amaminerali abe yinhlanganisela ye-“chelate” (chelate) emizimbeni yabantu abaningi ayisebenzi kahle.Ngenxa yalokho, izithako zamaminerali cishe azinamsebenzi.Kulokhu siyazi ukuthi izinto ezithathwe umzimba womuntu azikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele imiphumela yazo.Iningi lomzimba womuntu alikwazi ukugaya nokumunca ukudla ngokuphumelelayo.Phakathi kwe-iron ye-inorganic ehilelekile, kuphela i-2% -10% empeleni igaywe, futhi i-50% izokhishwa, ngakho umzimba womuntu usuvele "i-chelated" yensimbi.“Ukugaya kanye nokumuncwa kwamaminerali alungisiwe kuphakeme ngokuphindwe ka-3-10 kunamaminerals angakahlanzwa.Ngisho noma usebenzisa imali ethe xaxa, kuyafaneleka.
Umanyolo osetshenziswa njengamanje osetshenziswa kakhulu ophakathi nendawo kanye ne-trace element ngokuvamile awukwazi ukumuncwa futhi usetshenziswe izitshalo ngoba izakhi zokulandelela ezingaphili zilungiswa kalula yinhlabathi enhlabathini.Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinto ezilandelwayo ze-chelated emhlabathini kuphezulu kunalokhu kwezakhi zokulandelela ezingaphili.Intengo ye-chelated trace elements nayo iphakeme kunaleyo kamanyolo we-inorganic trace element.